A Beginner Glossary of Social Security Disability Terms
This glossary explains the most common Social Security disability terms in plain language, so you can understand notices, forms, and advice with confidence. Knowing the vocabulary makes the whole process less intimidating.
Core Program Terms
SSDI is Social Security Disability Insurance, based on your work history and credits. SSI is Supplemental Security Income, a need-based program for those with limited income and resources. Both use the same medical definition of disability but differ in how you qualify financially.
Eligibility and Evaluation Terms
Substantial gainful activity, or SGA, is the earnings level that can make you ineligible; in 2026 it is 1,690 dollars per month for non-blind individuals. The five-step sequential evaluation is the process the SSA uses to decide claims. Work credits are units earned through employment that help qualify you for SSDI.
Common Terms You Will See
- Back pay: past-due benefits owed from an earlier date.
- Onset date: the date your disability is found to have begun.
- Reconsideration: the first appeal level after a denial.
- ALJ hearing: a hearing before an administrative law judge.
- Continuing disability review: a periodic check that you still qualify.
Appeals Vocabulary
If your claim is denied, the appeal levels are reconsideration, an ALJ hearing, the Appeals Council, and federal court. You generally have 60 days to appeal each denial. Knowing these terms helps you act quickly and correctly.
Money and Timing Terms
The five-month waiting period applies to SSDI before benefits begin. Cost-of-living adjustments raise benefits over time; the 2026 adjustment was 2.8 percent. To put these terms to use, see common mistakes that hurt a disability claim and how to strengthen your disability claim with medical evidence.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the difference between SSDI and SSI?
SSDI is based on your work history and credits, while SSI is need-based for those with limited income and resources. Both use the same medical disability standard.
What does back pay mean?
Back pay is past-due benefits owed to you from an earlier date, such as your established onset date, after your claim is approved.
Sources
- Social Security Administration, Disability Benefits (ssa.gov)
- Social Security Administration, Glossary (ssa.gov)